Shock states

Shock is a life-threatening condition due to a decrease in the blood supply and a decrease in the amount of oxygen flowing to tissues enough to ensure metabolic processes

Because of it, the work of the cell walls is damaged, and they are filled with fluids, and the balance of the concentration of salts inside them is disturbed, and if this happens and this condition continues without treatment, the cells die, the functioning of the organs is disturbed, and systemic failure arises, and it may even reach the death of the patient.

 Types of shocks

 Trauma cases are divided into three main groups, which are the following:

•  Hypovolemic shock.

•  Cardiogenic shock.

•  Shock on the background of the expansion of the volume of blood vessels.

• shock stages

 There are three different stages in the case of shock, and they vary in severity and severity, and they are as follows:

 1. Pre-traumatic stage

 A loss of up to 10% of blood volume accompanied by a rapid heartbeat and a slight decrease in blood pressure.

 At this point the body's defense systems are still able to compensate for this loss of volume.

 2. Shock stage

 Loss of more than 20% of blood volume, or a significant decrease in cardiac output, accompanied by a breakdown in the ability of the defense systems to compensate, and then the appearance of symptoms of shock.

 3. Irreversible Trauma

 Continuation of the state of shock without treatment causes severe irreversible damage to cells and tissues, failure of bodily functions, and death of the patient.

 External shock severity levels

 Shocks that occur as a result of an external injury are categorized into four levels, according to the severity of the blood volume loss:

•  Loss up to 15%.

•  Loss between 15% - 30%.

•  Loss between 30% - 40%.

•  Loss of more than 40% of blood volume.

 The greater the blood volume loss, the greater the severity of the symptoms of shock and the risk to the patient's life.

 The probability of death due to acute inflammatory shock ranges from 35% - 45%, while the probability of death from cardiogenic shock ranges between 60% - 90%, and the probability of death due to hypovolemic shock is related to the causative factor of the disease and is directly proportional to the severity of the shock and the speed and effectiveness of treatment.

shock symptoms

 Symptoms of shock:

•  narrowness.

•  confusion of consciousness

•  Moisture and coolness of the skin.

•  Reduction of Blood pressure.

•  fast pulse;

•  Decreased amount of urination.

•  Accumulation of acids in the blood and cells and failure in body functions.

Causes and risk factors for trauma

 The causes and factors of exposure to trauma can be explained by the following:

 1. Causes of shock

 The causes vary according to the type of trauma, as follows:

 1. Causes of hypovolemic shock

 They occur against the background of a decrease in blood volume due to severe bleeding or fluid loss, such as: diarrhea, frequent vomiting, or excessive sweating.

 2. Causes of cardiogenic shock

 It occurs as a result of the following factors:

 Impairment in the ability of the heart muscle to contract, such as: myocardial infarction, myocarditis, and exposure to bites of certain types of animals.

 Arhythmia disturbances such as: atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation.

 Mechanical disorders, such as: valvular heart disease and coronary artery rupture.

 Obstructive disturbance of blood flow, such as: large infarction in the lungs, acute pulmonary hypertension.

 3. Shock on the background of vascular volume expansion

 It may occur as a result of an acute infection, a widespread inflammatory condition, an excessive reaction (anaphylaxis), the effect of vasodilator drugs, injury and damage to the brain or spinal cord (medulla spinalis), or various hormonal disturbances.

 2. Risk factors

 Factors that increase the risk of shock include:

•  Severe allergic conditions.

•  Excessive blood loss.

•  Myocardial failure.

•  Bacterial infection in the blood.

•  intoxication;

•  burns;

•  Drought.

•  Trauma complications

 Untreated shock may result in:

•  Malfunctions in the body.

•  the death.

•  trauma diagnosis

 The patient is diagnosed clinically based on the following:

•  blood pressure.

•  heart beats.

•  breathing rate.

•  Do a urine test.

• shock therapy

 Treatment of shock cases must be done immediately without any delay in order to prevent the condition from worsening and damaging.

 The goal of treatment is to improve blood flow and supply tissues with oxygen, and treatment varies according to the causative factor that led to the shock, and includes treating the primary primary cause that led to the shock, improving the supply of tissues with oxygen, and treating the failure of body systems resulting from the shock, the following details:

 1. Treatment of hypovolemic shock

 Care must be taken not to make a strong physical effort in order to reduce fluid loss, and the following is done:

•  Introducing fluids into the vein dropwise according to the level of blood pressure and pulse.

•  Working to stop active bleeding by applying local pressure to the site of injury, or placing an arterial tourniquet.

•  Surgery to stop internal bleeding and leak red blood cells in the event of a large amount of blood loss.

 2. Treatment of cardiogenic shock

•  The treatment is as follows:

•  Eternity to rest.

•  get oxygen.

•  Treating irregular heart rhythms.

•  Taking medications that expand the blood vessels in the heart muscle, which reduce pressure on the heart.

•  Providing the body with a substance that dissolves the clotted blood that caused the infarction, and opening the blood vessels by inserting a catheter tube.

•  An operation in which a valve defect is repaired.

 3. Treatment of shock caused by dilatation of blood vessels

 The body must be supplied with liquid by instillation quickly and without any delay, drugs to shrink blood vessels, and a special anti-venom serum should be given.

 4. Treatment of anaphylactic shock

 Treatment is with fluids, steroids, and adrenaline.

 5. Other therapeutic interventions

 Among the most important treatments used are:

•  Appropriate antibiotics, fluids and vasoconstrictor drugs are administered when the cause of the shock is widespread bacterial contamination.

•  Low-dose steroids should be given to the patient if the inflammation is difficult.

•  The majority of patients are placed on artificial respiration due to respiratory insufficiency.

•  Some of them require hemodialysis.

5. Other therapeutic interventions

 Among the most important treatments used are:

• Appropriate antibiotics, fluids and vasoconstrictor drugs are administered when the cause of the shock is widespread bacterial contamination.

•  Low-dose steroids should be given to the patient if the inflammation is difficult.

•  The majority of patients are placed on artificial respiration due to respiratory insufficiency.

•  Some of them require hemodialysis.

•  Treatment should be by providing the patient with live plasma and coagulation aids when there are problems with blood clotting.

•  Substances that prevent the formation of ulcers in the stomach and duodenum and that protect against bleeding in the digestive system should be used.

•  Insulin should be given to patients with acute conditions, taking care to maintain a balanced blood glucose level.

•  shock prevention

•  To prevent shocks, the following must be taken care of:

•  Take all vaccinations to avoid catching the infection.

•  Avoid various blows and injuries.

•  Drink fluids to prevent dehydration.